Note systemic, vs. more individualized (as with individual discrimination claims, burning crosses in people’s yards, etc.). Many of these also could apply to sex or religion.
Codified in some form of law/de jure:
- Hate-crime statutes, which vary, but usually specify crimes and/or statements against non-white or special culture groups that proxy for non-white, shall be punished more severely than those committed either against the general population, or whites specifically.
- Various carve-outs, set-asides, and preferences for non-white business owners (which often co-exist alongside small business set-asides, etc.) in government contracting procedures.
- Case law/court decisions that allow colleges and universities to use race as a significant factor in admission decisions.
- The abominable treatment and disparities in government services and healthcare generally caused by Native American reservations and tribal jurisdiction handling.
Actual practice/de facto:
- The classic resume or application study, in which applications for jobs or housing are sent in with “black” or “white” names, and the return rates from them significantly differ.
- Similarly the actual execution of the full processes in question.
- Feeder school engagements, where limited resources and a focus on previously successful schools can wind up inadvertently perpetuating past non-rational, including racist, decisions.
- In general networking type personnel decisions, including legacy admissions at universities, certain professional societies, and overall the social structure being used as a preference factor, which also can inadvertently perpetuate past non-rational, including racist, decisions.
- Explicit quotas and racial preferences being adopted at major corporations e.g. Alphabet, that favor colored people over whites in employment decisions.
- Supplier diversity requirements e.g. at Coca-Cola, some of which involve racial quotas; likewise, Microsoft, Facebook/Meta, and HP, which require or incentivize racial quotas in the law firms that they hire.
- Cancel culture/censorship/blacklists/taboos, which historically favored the (racist) straight white male viewpoint, and now swings the other way.
- Differing treatment of protesters based on what race or what racial discrimination cause or viewpoint they espouse.
- “Stop and frisk”, immigration-related stops, or similar infringement on civil liberties of “suspicious looking” individuals, who wind up being colored people.
- Pulling over black people based on generalized suspicion or vague reports (which, the vague report can’t always be eliminated because of the high crime rate caused by black people in a number of populated jurisdictions).
- In general, the failure completely and promptly to enforce the law in poor jurisdictions, can be (but is not necessarily) a proxy that can be used to harm individuals of the particular race in those jurisdictions.
- Bloc voting practices on the part of the population – that is, to have a large group of people voting for one candidate or another based on their race.